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تحقیق METALLURGY Technical Activities

تحقیق METALLURGY Technical Activitiesدسته: مواد و متالوژی
بازدید: 10 بار
فرمت فایل: doc
حجم فایل: 121 کیلوبایت
تعداد صفحات فایل: 136

تحقیق فوق در مورد متالوژی فعالیتهای فنی میباشدکه با متن مقاله فوق با متن انگلیسی است

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خرید

METALLURGY Technical Activities

METALLURGY

Technical Activities

1997

NISTIR 6066

U.S. Department of Commerce

Technology Administration

National Institute of Standards

and Technology

Materials Science and Engineering Laboratory

Certain companies and commercial products are mentioned in this report. They are used to either

completely specify a procedure or describe an interaction with NIST. Such mention is not meant as

an endorsement by NIST or to represent the best choice for that purpose.

ii

METALLURGY DIVISION

CHIEF

Carol A. Handwerker

Phone (301) 975-6158

DEPUTY CHIEF

Robert J. Schaefer

Phone (301) 975-5961

GROUP LEADERS

Electrochemical Processing

Gery R. Stafford

Phone (301) 975-6412

Magnetic Materials

Robert D. Shull

Phone (301) 975-6035

Materials Performance

E. Neville Pugh

Phone (301) 975-4679

Materials Structure and Characterization

Frank W. Gayle

Phone (301) 975-6161

Metallurgical Processing

John R. Manning

Phone (301) 975-6157

iii

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

ELECTRONIC PACKAGING, INTERCONNECTION AND ASSEMBLY . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

Lead-Free Solders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

High-Temperature Solders for Microelectronics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

Solderability Measurements for Microelectronics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

Solder Interconnect Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

Stress Measurements in Electronic Packaging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

Solder Jet Printing for Microelectronics Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

INTELLIGENT PROCESSING OF MATERIALS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

Solidification Path Modeling for Casting of Multicomponent Aerospace Alloys . . . . . . 22

Generation of Grain Defects Near Corners and Edges in Castings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

Porosity in Castings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

Thermophysical Data for Castings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

Magnetics for Steel Processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

MAGNETIC MATERIALS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

Giant Magnetoresistance Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

Processing and Micromagnetics of Thin Magnetic Films . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

Magnetic Properties of Nanomaterials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42

METALS DATA AND CHARACTERIZATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47

Thermophysical Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48

Microstructural Studies of Complex Phases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51

Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Multilayered Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54

Hardness Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58

Magnetic Properties and Standard Reference Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62

Lightweight Materials for Automotive Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63

Performance of Structural Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68

Performance of Materials in Corrosive Media . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73

Magneto-Optical Imaging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77

Development of Scanning Acoustic Microscopy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79

Electron Microscopy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81

METALS PROCESSING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84

Processing of Advanced Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85

Solidification Modeling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88

iv

Sensors and Diagnostics for Thermal Spray Processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91

Electrodeposition of Alumium Alloys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94

Electrodeposited Coating Thickness Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97

Gold Microhardness Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98

Electrogalvanzied Coatings on Steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99

Electrodeposited Chromium from Trivalent Electrolytes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100

Electrochemical Processing of Nanoscale Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102

DENTAL AND MEDICAL MATERIALS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106

Advanced Restorative Dental Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107

EVALUATED MATERIALS DATA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110

NACE-NIST Corrosion Data Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111

HIGH TEMPERATURE SUPERCONDUCTIVITY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113

Magnetic Properties of Superconductors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114

ADDITIONAL OUTPUT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116

RESEARCH STAFF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117

ORGANIZATIONAL CHARTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Metallurgy Division . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123

Materials Science and Engineering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124

National Institute of Standards & Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125

v

INTRODUCTION

Carol A. Handwerker, Chief

This report describes the major technical activities and accomplishments of the Metallurgy

Division in 1997, and, therefore, reflects the research priorities established after extensive

consultation and collaboration with our customers in US industry. It also reflects the Program

planning and management structure that we have developed within the Materials Science and

Engineering Laboratory (MSEL) to meet the identified needs of the Nation’s measurement and

standards infrastructure. The Division is organized administratively into groups that represent the

Division’s core expertise in Metallurgical Processing, Electrochemical Processing, Magnetic

Materials, Materials Structure and Characterization, and Materials Performance. However, by

virtue of the interdisciplinary nature of materials science and engineering, the Program teams cut

across the Division’s management groups and, in many cases, cut across MSEL Divisions and the

NIST Laboratories in order to best meet the scientific and technical needs of our customers. We

hope that this report provides insight into how our research programs meet the objectives of our

customers, how the capabilities of the Metallurgy Division are being used to solve problems

important to the national economy and the measurements and standards infrastructure, and how we

interact with our customers to establish new priorities and programs. We welcome advice and

suggestions from our customers on how we can better serve their needs.

The NIST Metallurgy Division mission is to provide measurement methods, standards, and

a fundamental understanding of materials behavior to aid US industry in the more effective

production and use of both traditional and emerging materials. As part of this mission we are

responsible not only for developing new measurement methodologies with broad applicability

across materials classes and industries, but also for working with individual industry groups to

develop and integrate measurements, standards, and evaluated data for specific, technologically

important applications.

The Metallurgy Division philosophy is that the development of measurement methods must

be coupled with a fundamental understanding of the relationship among materials structure,

processing, and properties in order to have a lasting impact in measurement science and the

industries we serve. Two examples of this philosophy are:

• Beginning in 1990, NIST set up a major new research program specifically aimed at

providing the scientific understanding and measurement capability needed to enable U.S.

industry to make the best GMR materials in the world. This program was centered on a

new facility, known as the Magnetic Engineering Research Facility (MERF), which is one

of the most advanced magnetic thin-film production plants ever constructed. From the

beginning, NIST researchers have developed the measurement techniques, clarified the

scientific issues, and established the manufacturing processes needed to produce the

highest quality GMR materials. Once again this year, research at MERF is defining the

state-of-the-art in magnetic thin film fabrication. NIST researchers at MERF set a new

record for the largest value ever recorded in the type of material (a spin valve with one Cu

layer) best suited to commercial products, discovered that increasing specular electron

1

scattering at the top and bottom surfaces of a spin valve plays a key role in achieving the

largest possible GMR values, and found two processing methods for increasing specular

electron scattering. These NIST discoveries were transferred to U.S. industry as quickly

as possible for implementation in its manufacturing facilities.

• Thermal barrier coatings protect engine parts from the elevated temperatures of the

combustion process. It had been proposed that the presence of the numerous interfaces in

multilayer thermal barrier coatings decreases their thermal conductivity, making multilayer

coatings more effective thermal barriers than the materials from which they are

تعداد صفحات فایل: 136

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